Article Figures & Data
Tables
- Table 1.
Demographic information and socioeconomic status of cases and controls
Variables Case (%; N = 1,424) Control (%; N = 4,543) Pa Study area Dafeng 625 (43.9) 2,533 (55.8) Ganyu 799 (56.1) 2,010 (44.2) Gender Male 995 (69.9) 3,415 (75.2) Female 429 (30.1) 1,128 (24.8) <0.001 Age, y Mean (SD) 63.3 (11.1) 64.0 (11.3) 0.037 <50 166 (11.7) 499 (11.0) 50- 328 (23.0) 989 (21.8) 60- 468 (32.9) 1,440 (31.7) 70- 387 (27.2) 1,309 (28.8) ≥80 75 (5.3) 306 (6.7) 0.173 Education level Illiteracy 706 (49.6) 2,309 (50.8) Primary 466 (32.7) 1,393 (30.7) Middle 197 (13.8) 644 (14.2) High 44 (3.1) 174 (3.8) College 11 (0.8) 23 (0.5) 0.300 Income 10 years ago (Yuan/year) Mean (SD) 2,260 (2170) 2,220 (2481) 0.565 <1,000 284 (19.9) 959 (21.1) 1,000- 266 (18.7) 843 (18.6) 1,500- 380 (26.7) 1,234 (27.2) ≥2500 494 (34.7) 1,507 (33.2) 0.670 BMIb Mean (SD) 22.2 (4.3) 22.8 (3.6) <0.001 <18.5 204 (14.3) 307 (6.8) 18.5–23.9 862 (60.5) 2,881 (63.4) 24.0–27.9 285 (20.0) 1,103 (24.3) ≥28.0 73 (5.1) 252 (5.5) <0.001 - Table 2.
The distribution of major factors and their associations with lung cancer risk
Variables Case (%; N = 1,424) Control (%; N = 4,543) Crude OR (95% CI) Adjusted OR (95% CI)a Ever smoking No 394 (27.7) 1,860 (40.9) 1.00 1.00 Yes 1,030 (72.3) 2,683 (59.1) 1.81 (1.59–2.07) 2.54 (2.17–2.99) Pack-years of smoking Never smoker 394 (27.7) 1,860 (40.9) 1.00 1.00 <30 y 262 (18.4) 1,088 (23.9) 1.14 (0.96–1.35) 1.60 (1.32–1.94) ≥30 y 768 (53.9) 1,595 (35.1) 2.27 (1.98–2.61) 3.68 (3.08–4.40) Ptrend <0.001 <0.001 Alcohol drinking status Never or seldom 837(58.8) 2,782 (61.2) 1.00 1.00 Often 587(41.2) 1,761 (38.8) 1.11 (0.98–1.25) 1.04 (0.90–1.19) Factory nearby No 1 216 (86.7) 4,021 (89.9) 1.00 1.00 Yes 186 (13.3) 450 (10.1) 1.37 (1.14–1.64) 1.55 (1.28–1.89) High-temperature cooking oil No 911 (64.0) 3,194 (70.3) 1.00 1.00 Yes 513 (36.0) 1,349 (29.7) 1.33 (1.18–1.51) 1.26 (1.10–1.43) Consumption of fried food No 651 (45.7) 2,539 (55.9) 1.00 1.00 Yes 773 (54.3) 2,004 (44.1) 1.50 (1.34–1.70) 1.32 (1.15–1.52) Poor ventilation in kitchen No 558 (39.2) 1,944 (42.8) 1.00 1.00 Yes 866 (60.8) 2,599 (57.2) 1.16 (1.03–1.31) 1.12 (0.98–1.28) Family history of lung cancer No 1,356 (95.2) 4,433 (97.6) 1.00 1.00 Yes 68 (4.8) 110 (2.4) 2.02 (1.49–2.75) 1.98 (1.42–2.74) Green tea drinking No 952 (71.2) 3,028 (71.9) 1.00 1.00 Yes 386 (28.8) 1,186 (28.1) 1.04 (0.90–1.19) 0.85 (0.73–1.00) Exercise ten years ago No 1,111 (78.0) 3,543 (78.0) 1.00 1.00 Yes 313 (22.0) 1,000 (22.0) 1.00 (0.87–1.15) 0.82 (0.70–0.96) -
↵aAdjusted on age (continuous), gender (male = 1, female = 0), education level (illiteracy = 1, primary = 2, middle = 3, high = 4, college = 5), income (Yuan/year) 10 years ago (continuous), BMI (continuous), family history of lung cancer (yes = 1, no = 0), pack-year of smoking (continuous, except for variable of ever smoking), ethanol consumption (mL/week, continuous, except for variable of alcohol drinking status), and study area (Dafeng = 1, Ganyu = 2).
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- Table 3.
The association between lung cancer and raw garlic consumption frequency stratified by major factors
Nevera <2 times/week ≥2 times/week Stratification variables Case/control Case/control Adjusted OR (95% CI)b Case/control Adjusted OR (95% CI)b Ptrendb All raw garlic 704/2,423 594/1,637 0.92 (0.79–1.08) 126/483 0.56 (0.44–0.72) <0.001 Study area Dafeng 515/1,954 101/520 0.71 (0.56–0.92) 9/59 0.43 (0.20–0.91) 0.001 Ganyu 189/469 493/1,117 1.15 (0.94–1.42) 117/424 0.66 (0.50–0.88) 0.013 Tobacco smoking Never smoker 194/1,095 165/591 0.95 (0.72–1.26) 35/174 0.67 (0.43–1.05) 0.137 All smokers 510/1,328 429/1,046 0.87 (0.73–1.05) 91/309 0.56 (0.42–0.74) 0.000 <30 y 129/575 119/416 0.97 (0.69–1.36) 14/97 0.42 (0.22–0.80) 0.046 ≥30 y 381/753 310/630 0.86 (0.69–1.08) 77/212 0.58 (0.41–0.80) 0.002 Alcohol drinking status Never or seldom 427/1,572 343/940 0.98 (0.80–1.19) 67/270 0.59 (0.42–0.81) 0.010 Often 277/851 251/697 0.86 (0.67–1.10) 59/213 0.56 (0.38–0.82) 0.005 Factory nearby No 571/2,076 533/1,497 0.98 (0.83–1.16) 112/448 0.60 (0.46–0.78) 0.002 Yes 120/301 53/121 0.73 (0.45–1.17) 13/28 0.37 (0.16–0.89) 0.024 High-temperature cooking oil No 420/1,687 410/1,169 1.02 (0.84–1.24) 81/338 0.57 (0.41–0.78) 0.006 Yes 284/736 184/468 0.80 (0.62–1.03) 45/145 0.57 (0.38–0.85) 0.004 Consumption of fried food No 455/1,714 163/672 0.81 (0.65–1.02) 33/153 0.64 (0.41–0.98) 0.016 Yes 249/709 431/965 0.92 (0.74–1.14) 93/330 0.49 (0.36–0.67) <0.001 Poor ventilation in kitchen No 288/1,080 222/659 0.92 (0.72–1.18) 48/205 0.52 (0.35–0.78) 0.007 Yes 416/1,343 372/978 0.92 (0.75–1.12) 78/278 0.58 (0.42–0.79) 0.003 Family history of lung cancer No 661/2,343 572/1,613 0.92 (0.79–1.08) 123/477 0.57 (0.44–0.73) <0.001 Yes 43/80 22/24 1.09 (0.48–2.46) 3/6 0.26 (0.04–1.63) 0.430 Green tea drinking No 528/1,790 358/950 0.86 (0.71–1.04) 66/288 0.44 (0.32–0.60) <0.001 Yes 128/430 210/584 1.11 (0.83–1.50) 48/172 0.77 (0.50–1.19) 0.410 Exercise 10 years ago No 608/2,074 410/1,148 0.84 (0.70–1.00) 93/321 0.54 (0.40–0.72) <0.001 Yes 96/349 184/489 1.28 (0.92–1.77) 33/162 0.67 (0.41–1.10) 0.332 -
↵aThe reference group.
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↵bAdjusted on age (continuous), gender (male = 1, female = 0), education level (illiteracy = 1, primary = 2, middle = 3, high = 4, college = 5), income (Yuan/year) 10 years ago (continuous), BMI (continuous), family history of lung cancer (yes = 1, no = 0, except for variable of family history of lung cancer), pack-year of smoking (continuous, except for variable of tobacco smoking), ethanol consumption (mL/week, continuous, except for variable of alcohol drinking status), and study area (Dafeng = 1, Ganyu = 2, except for variable of study area).
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- Table 4.
The effect modification of lung cancer risk between raw garlic consumption and major risk factors
Variables Raw garlic consumption Case/control Crude OR (95% CI) Adjusted OR (95% CI)a Pack-years of smoking ≥30 y No 381/753 1.00 1.00 ≥30 y Yesb 387/842 0.91 (0.77–1.08) 0.68 (0.56–0.83) <30 y No 129/575 0.44 (0.35–0.56) 0.38 (0.30–0.48) <30 y Yes 133/513 0.51 (0.41–0.64) 0.34 (0.26–0.43) Never Noc 194/1095 0.35 (0.29–0.43) 0.21 (0.17–0.27) Never Yes 200/765 0.52 (0.42–0.63) 0.24 (0.19–0.31) Interactiona Additive: RERI = −0.40 (95% CI, −0.60–−0.20) AP = −0.21 (95% CI, −0.32–−0.09) SI = 0.70 (95% CI, 0.57–0.85) Multiplicative: ROR = 0.78 (95% CI, 0.67–0.90) High-temperature cooking oil Yes Nob 284/736 1.00 1.00 Yes Yes 229/613 0.97 (0.79–1.19) 0.74 (0.59–0.92) No No 420/1,687 0.65 (0.54–0.77) 0.71 (0.59–0.85) No Yesc 491/1,507 0.84 (0.71–1.00) 0.68 (0.56–0.82) Interactiona Additive: RERI = 0.35 (95% CI, 0.04–0.65) AP = 0.23 (95% CI, 0.04–0.43) SI = 3.56 (95% CI, 0.42–30.46) Multiplicative: ROR = 0.77 (95% CI, 0.59–1.00) Consumption of fried food Yes Nob 249/709 1.00 1.00 Yes Yes 524/1,295 1.15 (0.97–1.38) 0.91 (0.74–1.11) No No 455/1,714 0.76 (0.63–0.90) 0.82 (0.68–1.00) No Yesc 196/825 0.68 (0.55–0.84) 0.61 (0.48–0.76) Interactiona Additive: RERI = −0.20 (95% CI, −0.59–0.18) AP = −0.12 (95% CI, −0.36–0.11) SI = 0.76 (95% CI, 0.47–1.23) Multiplicative: ROR = 1.23 (95% CI, 0.94–1.61) -
↵aAdjusted on age (continuous), gender (male = 1, female = 0), education level (illiteracy = 1, primary = 2, middle = 3, high = 4, college = 5), income (Yuan/year) 10 years ago (continuous), BMI (continuous), family history of lung cancer (yes = 1, no = 0), pack-year of smoking (continuous, except for variable of ever smoking), ethanol consumption (mL/week, continuous), and study area (Dafeng = 1, Ganyu = 2).
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↵bThe joint effects category for further estimation of additive interaction.
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↵cThe reference category for measures of interaction on additive scale.
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