Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Metabolites that changed significantly from pre- to postintervention are in bold with their fold change and P value indicated. The pattern of changes supports restricted entry or usage of glucose-derived carbons with preferential incorporation of fatty acids into the TCA cycle.
- Figure 2.
The up and down arrows indicate observed changes with limonene intervention. Bold arrows indicate the hypothesized chain of events; limonene causes apoptosis in multiple cells types and is known to deposit in adipose tissue (top box), this leads to the hypothesized altered metabolism in the liver (bottom box) and may explain the observed changes in metabolites in circulation (middle box). Gly, glycine; Ala, alanine.
Tables
- Table 1.
Metabolites that changed after 2 to 6 weeks daily limonene intervention (72 metabolites P ≤ 0.05; 39 metabolites Q ≤ 0.10)
Fold change P Q Adrenal steroids Androsterone-S 0.75 <0.001 <0.001 Epiandosterone-S 0.79 <0.001 <0.001 Pregnendiol disulfate 0.82 <0.001 0.01 4-androsten-3β,17β diol disulfate 2 0.90 0.01 0.06 DHEA-S 0.93 0.02 0.12 Secondary bile acids Glycodeoxycholate 2.30 <0.01 0.02 Glycoursodeoxycholate 3.60 <0.01 0.03 Taurodeoxycholate 3.50 <0.01 0.03 Taurocholate 3.40 <0.01 0.03 Taurocholenate sulfate 0.90 0.01 0.06 Glychochenodeoxycholate 2.50 0.01 0.92 Glycocholate 2.60 0.02 0.10 Taurochenodeoxycholate 2.00 0.02 0.12 Deoxycholate 1.70 0.05 0.18 Glucose/energy metabolism Glucuronate 1.83 <0.01 0.03 Pyruvate 1.66 <0.01 0.03 Acetylcarnitine 0.89 <0.01 0.03 3-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) 1.09 0.01 0.06 Fructose 1.56 0.02 0.10 Mannitol 4.87 0.03 0.14 Citrate 0.94 0.04 0.17 Malate 1.38 0.04 0.17 Collagen breakdown products Glycine 1.38 0.01 0.01 Proline 1.20 <0.001 0.01 Trans-4-hydroxyproline 1.70 <0.001 0.01 Pro-hydroxy-pro 1.40 0.02 0.11 Amino acids and metabolites Indolepropionate 2.60 <0.001 <0.001 Alanine 1.21 <0.001 0.02 3-phenylpropionate (hydrocinnamate) 1.95 <0.001 0.01 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)lactate 0.87 <0.01 0.03 Kynurenate 0.87 <0.01 0.04 Phenylacetate 2.08 0.01 0.06 γ-glutamylisoleucine 0.91 0.01 0.07 α-hydroxybutyrate (AHB) 0.90 0.01 0.08 Phenylalanyltryptophan 0.92 0.01 0.08 Aspartate 0.93 0.02 0.12 N-acetylglycine 1.41 0.03 0.13 γ-glutamylalanine 1.15 0.03 0.13 α-hydroxyisovalerate 0.93 0.03 0.13 Aspartylphenylalanine 1.09 0.03 0.13 Isoleucylvaline 1.47 0.03 0.15 Phenylalanine 0.95 0.04 0.13 Isobutyrylcarnitine 1.48 0.05 0.18 Fatty acids Tetradecanedioate 0.84 <0.001 0.01 Hexadecanedioate 0.82 <0.001 0.02 Tetradecanedioate 0.84 <0.001 0.01 10-undecenoate (11:1n1) 0.86 <0.01 0.03 5-dodecenoate (12:1n7) 0.91 <0.01 0.04 Myristate (14:0) 0.94 0.01 0.09 Myristoleate (14:1n5) 1.21 0.01 0.09 3-hydroxydecanoate 0.93 0.01 0.09 Pentadecanoate (15:0) 0.94 0.02 0.10 Octadecanedioate 0.94 0.02 0.11 Eicosenoate (20:1n9 or 11) 1.06 0.04 0.17 Palmitoleate (16:1n7) 1.13 0.04 0.17 Eicosapentaenoate (EPA; 20:5n3) 0.97 0.05 0.18 Lysolipids 2-myristoylglycerophosphocholine 2.30 0.01 0.06 1-oleoylglycerophosphoethanolamine 1.63 0.02 0.11 1-heptadecanoylglycerophosphocholine 3.63 0.02 0.12 2-stearoylglycerophosphocholine 2.80 0.03 0.14 1-eicosadienoylglycerophosphocholine 2.68 0.04 0.17 2-palmitoylglycerophosphocholine 3.78 0.05 0.18 Other Homostachydrine 1.50 <0.01 0.04 Trigonelline (N′-methylnicotinate) 1.20 0.01 0.05 N4-acetylcytidine 0.89 0.01 0.06 1-methylxanthine 1.61 0.01 0.09 Hypoxanthine 0.91 0.01 0.10 5-acetyl-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid 0.92 0.02 0.10 Ascorbate 15.23 0.02 0.12 D-Histidyl-D-tryptophyl-D-α-glutamyl-L-seryl-L-alanyl-L-serylleucylleucine (HWESASXX) 0.94 0.02 0.12 L-urobilin 1.02 0.02 0.12 Inositol 1-phosphate (I1P) 1.44 0.04 0.17 - Table 2.
Metabolites whose change is significantly correlated to the change in tissue Cyclin D1 expression (47 metabolites P ≤ 0.05; 23 metabolites Q ≤ 0.10)
P Q R2 Lysolipids 1-Palmitoylglycerophosphocholine <0.001 0.01 0.62 1-Palmitoleoylglycerophosphocholine <0.001 0.02 0.59 1-Stearoylglycerophosphocholine <0.001 0.01 0.61 2-Stearoylglycerophosphocholine <0.001 0.01 0.61 1-Oleoylglycerophosphocholine <0.001 0.01 0.62 1-Eicosadienoylglycerophosphocholine <0.001 0.01 0.63 2-Oleoylglycerophosphocholine <0.01 0.05 0.55 2-Linoleoylglycerophosphocholine 0.01 0.09 0.51 1-Eicosatrienoylglycerophosphocholine 0.01 0.09 0.50 1-Heptadecanoylglycerophosphocholine 0.01 0.09 0.49 1-Palmitoylplasmenylethanolamine 0.02 0.14 0.42 Acylcarnitines Palmitoylcarnitine <0.001 0.01 0.63 Oleoylcarnitine <0.001 0.02 0.59 Decanoylcarnitine 0.01 0.10 0.47 Butyrylcarnitine 0.02 0.14 0.43 Acetylcarnitine 0.02 0.14 0.43 Amino acids and metabolites Indolelactate 0.01 0.09 0.49 Kynurenine 0.01 0.10 0.47 α-hydroxyisocaproate 0.01 0.10 0.47 Phenylalanylserine 0.01 0.10 0.47 Serine 0.01 0.11 0.46 Phenol sulfate 0.02 0.12 0.45 3-indoxyl sulfate 0.02 0.14 0.43 Alanine 0.02 0.14 0.43 Asparagine 0.03 0.16 0.41 Aspartate 0.04 0.17 0.39 γ-glutamylvaline 0.04 0.17 0.39 Symmetric and asymmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA + ADMA) 0.04 0.18 0.39 Glucose/energy metabolism 1,5-Anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG) 0.01 0.09 0.50 Fatty acids 3-Carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropanoate (CMPF) 0.01 0.03 0.57 15-Methylpalmitate 0.01 0.10 0.48 cis-Vaccenate (18:1n7) 0.02 0.12 0.45 Palmitoyl sphingomyelin 0.02 0.14 0.42 Adrenate (22:4n6) 0.03 0.16 0.41 17-Methylstearate 0.03 0.17 0.40 Palmitate, methyl ester 0.04 0.17 0.39 Oleate (18:1n9) 0.04 0.19 0.38 Other Bilirubin (E,E) <0.001 0.01 0.65 N1-Methyladenosine <0.01 0.05 0.53 Quinate 0.01 0.09 0.49 2-Ethylhexanoate 0.02 0.14 0.43 Pregnendiol disulfate 0.02 0.15 0.42 Erythritol 0.03 0.16 0.41 Bilirubin (Z,Z) 0.03 0.17 0.40 Urate 0.04 0.17 0.39 Cholesterol 0.04 0.19 0.38 α-Tocopherol 0.04 0.19 0.38
January 2015
Volume 8, Issue 1
Volume 8, Issue 1
Plasma Metabolomic Profiles of Breast Cancer Patients after Short-term Limonene Intervention
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