Table 4.

Changes in plasma CRP and inflammation z-score levels stratified by sex and NSAID use in colorectal adenoma patients

		Baseline		6-mo follow-up		Absolute treatment effect^a			Relative treatment effect^b
	n	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	95% CI	P^c	Relative treatment effect^b
CRP, μg/mL
Women
Placebo	7	3.55	3.50	2.99	2.85	N/A	N/A	N/A	1.00
Calcium	7	1.78	4.51	2.07	5.66	0.32	(−0.91 to 1.55)	0.60	1.38
Vitamin D	6	1.52	3.32	0.98	1.89	−0.27	(−1.55 to 1.00)	0.66	0.76
Calcium + vitamin D	7	2.65	4.13	2.37	4.06	−0.06	(−1.17 to 1.28)	0.92	0.94
Men
Placebo	16	1.28	3.61	1.48	4.79	N/A	N/A	N/A	1.00
Calcium	16	0.90	2.98	0.79	3.51	−0.28	(−0.74 to 0.19)	0.24	0.76
Vitamin D	16	1.34	2.70	0.99	2.04	−0.45	(−0.90 to −0.01)	0.05	0.63
Calcium + vitamin D	16	1.65	2.42	2.14	2.74	0.11	(−0.36 to 0.57)	0.64	1.12
Non-NSAID users^d
Placebo	19	1.37	3.59	1.51	4.13	N/A	N/A	N/A	1.00
Calcium	20	1.13	3.80	1.07	4.47	0.22	(−0.70 to 0.37)	0.43	1.25
Vitamin D	20	1.55	2.64	1.02	1.90	−0.53	(−1.05 to −0.01)	0.05	0.59
Calcium + vitamin D	16	2.19	2.83	3.05	2.82	−0.17	(−0.34 to 0.78)	0.53	0.84
Inflammation z-score^e
Women
Placebo	7	2.15	3.91	2.32	3.94	N/A	N/A	N/A	1.00
Calcium	7	−1.39	2.78	−1.45	3.39	−0.23	(−1.91 to 1.44)	0.77	0.79
Vitamin D	6	−1.07	2.50	−1.68	3.70	−0.78	(−2.52 to 0.96)	0.36	0.46
Calcium + vitamin D	7	−0.06	3.74	0.37	3.12	−0.14	(−1.54 to 1.81)	0.87	0.87
Men
Placebo	16	−0.72	1.94	−0.12	3.05	N/A	N/A	N/A	1.00
Calcium	16	0.17	2.75	−0.03	2.69	−0.85	(−2.09 to 0.39)	0.18	0.42
Vitamin D	16	−0.71	2.79	−1.82	2.44	−1.75	(−2.95 to −0.55)	0.01	0.17
Calcium + vitamin D	16	0.88	2.77	0.86	3.03	−0.67	(−1.91 to 0.57)	0.29	0.51
Non-NSAID users^d
Placebo	19	−0.10	2.84	0.20	3.19	N/A	N/A	N/A	1.00
Calcium	20	−0.60	3.57	−0.84	2.88	−0.56	(−1.57 to 0.46)	0.28	0.57
Vitamin D	20	−0.80	2.51	−1.89	2.67	−1.42	(−2.41 to −0.45)	0.01	0.42
Calcium + vitamin D	16	0.02	2.42	1.08	3.01	−0.08	(−1.14 to 0.98)	0.89	0.92

↵^aAbsolute treatment effect is the absolute change from baseline to follow-up in the treatment group minus the absolute change from baseline to follow-up in the placebo group from mixed model.
↵^bRelative treatment effect is defined as: (treatment group follow-up/treatment group baseline)/(placebo follow-up/placebo baseline).
↵^cP values for difference between each treatment group and the placebo group from mixed model.
↵^dNSAID user status at baseline (NSAID use by treatment group did not change during the course of the trial).
↵^eInflammation z-score: z-score of pro- and anti-inflammatory markers (CRP, IL6, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-8, and IL-10) calculated by subtracting the mean and dividing by the SD (thus creating a mean of zero and SD of 1.0) for each participant's individual biomarker value at each visit and then summing the biomarker z-score values for each participant at each visit (IL-10 was included with a negative sign).