Metabolites that changed after 2 to 6 weeks daily limonene intervention (72 metabolites P ≤ 0.05; 39 metabolites Q ≤ 0.10)
| Fold change | P | Q | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Adrenal steroids | |||
| Androsterone-S | 0.75 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Epiandosterone-S | 0.79 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Pregnendiol disulfate | 0.82 | <0.001 | 0.01 |
| 4-androsten-3β,17β diol disulfate 2 | 0.90 | 0.01 | 0.06 |
| DHEA-S | 0.93 | 0.02 | 0.12 |
| Secondary bile acids | |||
| Glycodeoxycholate | 2.30 | <0.01 | 0.02 |
| Glycoursodeoxycholate | 3.60 | <0.01 | 0.03 |
| Taurodeoxycholate | 3.50 | <0.01 | 0.03 |
| Taurocholate | 3.40 | <0.01 | 0.03 |
| Taurocholenate sulfate | 0.90 | 0.01 | 0.06 |
| Glychochenodeoxycholate | 2.50 | 0.01 | 0.92 |
| Glycocholate | 2.60 | 0.02 | 0.10 |
| Taurochenodeoxycholate | 2.00 | 0.02 | 0.12 |
| Deoxycholate | 1.70 | 0.05 | 0.18 |
| Glucose/energy metabolism | |||
| Glucuronate | 1.83 | <0.01 | 0.03 |
| Pyruvate | 1.66 | <0.01 | 0.03 |
| Acetylcarnitine | 0.89 | <0.01 | 0.03 |
| 3-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) | 1.09 | 0.01 | 0.06 |
| Fructose | 1.56 | 0.02 | 0.10 |
| Mannitol | 4.87 | 0.03 | 0.14 |
| Citrate | 0.94 | 0.04 | 0.17 |
| Malate | 1.38 | 0.04 | 0.17 |
| Collagen breakdown products | |||
| Glycine | 1.38 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
| Proline | 1.20 | <0.001 | 0.01 |
| Trans-4-hydroxyproline | 1.70 | <0.001 | 0.01 |
| Pro-hydroxy-pro | 1.40 | 0.02 | 0.11 |
| Amino acids and metabolites | |||
| Indolepropionate | 2.60 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Alanine | 1.21 | <0.001 | 0.02 |
| 3-phenylpropionate (hydrocinnamate) | 1.95 | <0.001 | 0.01 |
| 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)lactate | 0.87 | <0.01 | 0.03 |
| Kynurenate | 0.87 | <0.01 | 0.04 |
| Phenylacetate | 2.08 | 0.01 | 0.06 |
| γ-glutamylisoleucine | 0.91 | 0.01 | 0.07 |
| α-hydroxybutyrate (AHB) | 0.90 | 0.01 | 0.08 |
| Phenylalanyltryptophan | 0.92 | 0.01 | 0.08 |
| Aspartate | 0.93 | 0.02 | 0.12 |
| N-acetylglycine | 1.41 | 0.03 | 0.13 |
| γ-glutamylalanine | 1.15 | 0.03 | 0.13 |
| α-hydroxyisovalerate | 0.93 | 0.03 | 0.13 |
| Aspartylphenylalanine | 1.09 | 0.03 | 0.13 |
| Isoleucylvaline | 1.47 | 0.03 | 0.15 |
| Phenylalanine | 0.95 | 0.04 | 0.13 |
| Isobutyrylcarnitine | 1.48 | 0.05 | 0.18 |
| Fatty acids | |||
| Tetradecanedioate | 0.84 | <0.001 | 0.01 |
| Hexadecanedioate | 0.82 | <0.001 | 0.02 |
| Tetradecanedioate | 0.84 | <0.001 | 0.01 |
| 10-undecenoate (11:1n1) | 0.86 | <0.01 | 0.03 |
| 5-dodecenoate (12:1n7) | 0.91 | <0.01 | 0.04 |
| Myristate (14:0) | 0.94 | 0.01 | 0.09 |
| Myristoleate (14:1n5) | 1.21 | 0.01 | 0.09 |
| 3-hydroxydecanoate | 0.93 | 0.01 | 0.09 |
| Pentadecanoate (15:0) | 0.94 | 0.02 | 0.10 |
| Octadecanedioate | 0.94 | 0.02 | 0.11 |
| Eicosenoate (20:1n9 or 11) | 1.06 | 0.04 | 0.17 |
| Palmitoleate (16:1n7) | 1.13 | 0.04 | 0.17 |
| Eicosapentaenoate (EPA; 20:5n3) | 0.97 | 0.05 | 0.18 |
| Lysolipids | |||
| 2-myristoylglycerophosphocholine | 2.30 | 0.01 | 0.06 |
| 1-oleoylglycerophosphoethanolamine | 1.63 | 0.02 | 0.11 |
| 1-heptadecanoylglycerophosphocholine | 3.63 | 0.02 | 0.12 |
| 2-stearoylglycerophosphocholine | 2.80 | 0.03 | 0.14 |
| 1-eicosadienoylglycerophosphocholine | 2.68 | 0.04 | 0.17 |
| 2-palmitoylglycerophosphocholine | 3.78 | 0.05 | 0.18 |
| Other | |||
| Homostachydrine | 1.50 | <0.01 | 0.04 |
| Trigonelline (N′-methylnicotinate) | 1.20 | 0.01 | 0.05 |
| N4-acetylcytidine | 0.89 | 0.01 | 0.06 |
| 1-methylxanthine | 1.61 | 0.01 | 0.09 |
| Hypoxanthine | 0.91 | 0.01 | 0.10 |
| 5-acetyl-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid | 0.92 | 0.02 | 0.10 |
| Ascorbate | 15.23 | 0.02 | 0.12 |
| D-Histidyl-D-tryptophyl-D-α-glutamyl-L-seryl-L-alanyl-L-serylleucylleucine (HWESASXX) | 0.94 | 0.02 | 0.12 |
| L-urobilin | 1.02 | 0.02 | 0.12 |
| Inositol 1-phosphate (I1P) | 1.44 | 0.04 | 0.17 |