Metabolites that changed after 2 to 6 weeks daily limonene intervention (72 metabolites P ≤ 0.05; 39 metabolites Q ≤ 0.10)
Fold change | P | Q | |
---|---|---|---|
Adrenal steroids | |||
Androsterone-S | 0.75 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Epiandosterone-S | 0.79 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Pregnendiol disulfate | 0.82 | <0.001 | 0.01 |
4-androsten-3β,17β diol disulfate 2 | 0.90 | 0.01 | 0.06 |
DHEA-S | 0.93 | 0.02 | 0.12 |
Secondary bile acids | |||
Glycodeoxycholate | 2.30 | <0.01 | 0.02 |
Glycoursodeoxycholate | 3.60 | <0.01 | 0.03 |
Taurodeoxycholate | 3.50 | <0.01 | 0.03 |
Taurocholate | 3.40 | <0.01 | 0.03 |
Taurocholenate sulfate | 0.90 | 0.01 | 0.06 |
Glychochenodeoxycholate | 2.50 | 0.01 | 0.92 |
Glycocholate | 2.60 | 0.02 | 0.10 |
Taurochenodeoxycholate | 2.00 | 0.02 | 0.12 |
Deoxycholate | 1.70 | 0.05 | 0.18 |
Glucose/energy metabolism | |||
Glucuronate | 1.83 | <0.01 | 0.03 |
Pyruvate | 1.66 | <0.01 | 0.03 |
Acetylcarnitine | 0.89 | <0.01 | 0.03 |
3-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) | 1.09 | 0.01 | 0.06 |
Fructose | 1.56 | 0.02 | 0.10 |
Mannitol | 4.87 | 0.03 | 0.14 |
Citrate | 0.94 | 0.04 | 0.17 |
Malate | 1.38 | 0.04 | 0.17 |
Collagen breakdown products | |||
Glycine | 1.38 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
Proline | 1.20 | <0.001 | 0.01 |
Trans-4-hydroxyproline | 1.70 | <0.001 | 0.01 |
Pro-hydroxy-pro | 1.40 | 0.02 | 0.11 |
Amino acids and metabolites | |||
Indolepropionate | 2.60 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Alanine | 1.21 | <0.001 | 0.02 |
3-phenylpropionate (hydrocinnamate) | 1.95 | <0.001 | 0.01 |
3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)lactate | 0.87 | <0.01 | 0.03 |
Kynurenate | 0.87 | <0.01 | 0.04 |
Phenylacetate | 2.08 | 0.01 | 0.06 |
γ-glutamylisoleucine | 0.91 | 0.01 | 0.07 |
α-hydroxybutyrate (AHB) | 0.90 | 0.01 | 0.08 |
Phenylalanyltryptophan | 0.92 | 0.01 | 0.08 |
Aspartate | 0.93 | 0.02 | 0.12 |
N-acetylglycine | 1.41 | 0.03 | 0.13 |
γ-glutamylalanine | 1.15 | 0.03 | 0.13 |
α-hydroxyisovalerate | 0.93 | 0.03 | 0.13 |
Aspartylphenylalanine | 1.09 | 0.03 | 0.13 |
Isoleucylvaline | 1.47 | 0.03 | 0.15 |
Phenylalanine | 0.95 | 0.04 | 0.13 |
Isobutyrylcarnitine | 1.48 | 0.05 | 0.18 |
Fatty acids | |||
Tetradecanedioate | 0.84 | <0.001 | 0.01 |
Hexadecanedioate | 0.82 | <0.001 | 0.02 |
Tetradecanedioate | 0.84 | <0.001 | 0.01 |
10-undecenoate (11:1n1) | 0.86 | <0.01 | 0.03 |
5-dodecenoate (12:1n7) | 0.91 | <0.01 | 0.04 |
Myristate (14:0) | 0.94 | 0.01 | 0.09 |
Myristoleate (14:1n5) | 1.21 | 0.01 | 0.09 |
3-hydroxydecanoate | 0.93 | 0.01 | 0.09 |
Pentadecanoate (15:0) | 0.94 | 0.02 | 0.10 |
Octadecanedioate | 0.94 | 0.02 | 0.11 |
Eicosenoate (20:1n9 or 11) | 1.06 | 0.04 | 0.17 |
Palmitoleate (16:1n7) | 1.13 | 0.04 | 0.17 |
Eicosapentaenoate (EPA; 20:5n3) | 0.97 | 0.05 | 0.18 |
Lysolipids | |||
2-myristoylglycerophosphocholine | 2.30 | 0.01 | 0.06 |
1-oleoylglycerophosphoethanolamine | 1.63 | 0.02 | 0.11 |
1-heptadecanoylglycerophosphocholine | 3.63 | 0.02 | 0.12 |
2-stearoylglycerophosphocholine | 2.80 | 0.03 | 0.14 |
1-eicosadienoylglycerophosphocholine | 2.68 | 0.04 | 0.17 |
2-palmitoylglycerophosphocholine | 3.78 | 0.05 | 0.18 |
Other | |||
Homostachydrine | 1.50 | <0.01 | 0.04 |
Trigonelline (N′-methylnicotinate) | 1.20 | 0.01 | 0.05 |
N4-acetylcytidine | 0.89 | 0.01 | 0.06 |
1-methylxanthine | 1.61 | 0.01 | 0.09 |
Hypoxanthine | 0.91 | 0.01 | 0.10 |
5-acetyl-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid | 0.92 | 0.02 | 0.10 |
Ascorbate | 15.23 | 0.02 | 0.12 |
D-Histidyl-D-tryptophyl-D-α-glutamyl-L-seryl-L-alanyl-L-serylleucylleucine (HWESASXX) | 0.94 | 0.02 | 0.12 |
L-urobilin | 1.02 | 0.02 | 0.12 |
Inositol 1-phosphate (I1P) | 1.44 | 0.04 | 0.17 |