HR for each smoking-related cancer by exclusive/predominant smoking product categories
| VITAL | NLCS | Combined | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cancer group | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | |
| Head and neck | Predominantly cigar | - | 2.41 (0.86–6.78) | - |
| Exclusive cigar | 3.56 (1.24–10.21) | 1.83 (0.60–5.54) | 2.59 (1.21–5.58) | |
| Predominantly pipe | 0.82 (0.11–6.05) | 3.51 (1.01–12.18) | 2.34 (0.81–6.74) | |
| Exclusive pipe | 0.86 (0.20–3.62) | 7.17 (1.67–30.85) | 2.47 (0.88–6.89) | |
| Esophagus | Predominantly cigar | a | 1.45 (0.37–5.73) | b |
| Exclusive cigar | a | 1.39 (0.35–5.47) | b | |
| Predominantly pipe | a | 6.43 (1.90–21.73) | b | |
| Exclusive pipe | 4.45 (1.39–14.21) | 4.57 (0.72–28.98) | 4.48 (1.68–11.99) | |
| Lung | Predominantly cigar | - | 9.51 (4.83–18.71) | - |
| Exclusive cigar | 1.64 (0.39–6.91) | 8.61 (4.44–16.86) | 6.44 (3.53–11.75) | |
| Predominantly pipe | 2.17 (0.66–7.17) | 15.29 (6.96–33.59) | 8.46 (4.38–16.31) | |
| Exclusive pipe | 1.25 (0.38–4.13) | 8.76 (2.53–30.30) | 3.18 (1.35–7.52) | |
| Gastric | Predominantly cigar | a | 1.79 (0.78–4.13) | b |
| Exclusive cigar | 2.51 (0.58–10.88) | 1.83 (0.85–3.98) | 1.96 (0.99–3.88) | |
| Predominantly pipe | 1.17 (0.15–8.76) | 1.16 (0.31–4.30) | 1.16 (0.39–3.51) | |
| Exclusive pipe | 1.34 (0.31–5.79) | 1.37 (0.24–7.68) | 1.35 (0.44–4.14) | |
| Pancreas | Predominantly cigar | 1.98 (0.60–6.46) | 0.50 (0.06–4.12) | 1.64 (0.53–5.09) |
| Exclusive cigar | 1.71 (0.23–12.59) | 1.60 (0.40–6.30) | 1.42 (0.51–4.01) | |
| Predominantly pipe | 0.58 (0.08–4.22) | 3.70 (0.92–14.83) | 2.01 (0.64–6.27) | |
| Exclusive pipe | 1.02 (0.31–3.33) | a | b | |
| Kidney | Predominantly cigar | 1.46 (0.20–10.59) | 0.95 (0.26–3.43) | 1.08 (0.37–3.18) |
| Exclusive cigar | 1.56 (0.48–5.02) | 1.88 (0.73–4.81) | 1.75 (0.84–3.64) | |
| Predominantly pipe | 1.97 (0.71–5.50) | 2.41 (0.73–7.99) | 2.15 (0.99–4.67) | |
| Exclusive pipe | 1.31 (0.52–3.29) | a | b | |
| Bladder | Predominantly cigar | a | 1.91 (0.82–4.46) | b |
| Exclusive cigar | a | 1.89 (0.19–3.60) | b | |
| Predominantly pipe | 0.62 (0.08–4.59) | 4.38 (1.77–10.84) | 3.16 (1.38–7.23) | |
| Exclusive pipe | 0.75 (0.18–3.14) | 3.60 (0.88–14.65) | 1.67 (0.61–4.54) | |
| Colorectal | Predominantly cigar | 1.81 (0.57–5.74) | 1.12 (0.63–1.99) | 1.23 (0.74–2.06) |
| Exclusive cigar | 1.64 (0.76–3.55) | 0.97 (0.55–1.69) | 1.16 (0.74–1.83) | |
| Predominantly pipe | 0.64 (0.20–2.02) | 1.36 (0.64–2.87) | 1.09 (0.58–2.04) | |
| Exclusive pipe | 0.96 (0.47–1.99) | 1.76 (0.57–5.44) | 1.15 (0.62–2.10) | |
| All cancersc | Predominantly cigar | 0.97 (0.40–2.35) | 1.34 (0.85–2.11) | 1.25 (0.84–1.88) |
| Exclusive cigar | 1.7 (1.14–2.68) | 1.12 (0.72–1.72) | 1.41 (1.04–1.91) | |
| Predominantly pipe | 0.95 (0.56–1.62) | 1.87 (1.03–3.40) | 1.28 (0.86–1.91) | |
| Exclusive pipe | 1.19 (0.82–1.73) | 1.69 (0.64–4.45 | 1.25 (0.88–1.76) |
NOTE: All analyses adjusted for age at enrollment, gender, body mass index at enrollment, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, average alcohol intake, and family history of specific cancer (and history of chronic lung disease for lung cancer analysis, history for chronic liver disease for liver cancer analysis). Never smokers—referent category.
↵aNo cancer cases reported in this category.
↵bCombined HR not calculated as only one study with HR calculated.
↵cAll cancer incidence calculated for all cancers including prostate cancer.